Distributed Systems

• Content Delivery Networks: DNS-Based Routing, Anycast, Edge Caching, and the Economics of CDN Peering · 2026-03-04

  How Akamai, Cloudflare, and Fastly keep the web fast — DNS-based request routing, anycast IPs, consistent hashing at the edge, and the business of CDN peering that makes it all economically viable.

• Edge Computing: The Fog/Mist/Cloud Continuum, K3s, and the Computation Offloading Decision · 2026-02-16

  How the edge-cloud continuum reshapes where computation happens — from K3s and MicroK8s for edge-native Kubernetes to 5G MEC, the offloading decision problem, and why latency and bandwidth dictate architecture at the edge.

• Geo-Distributed Systems: WAN Latency, Multi-Leader Replication, and the Speed-of-Light Constraint · 2026-02-13

  How the speed of light shapes the architecture of global-scale systems — from multi-leader and leaderless replication to CRDTs, Spanner, CockroachDB, and the fundamental tension between consistency and latency.

• P2P Networks: BitTorrent's Incentives, IPFS's Merkle DAGs, and the Decentralized Web Vision · 2026-01-18

  From tit-for-tat choking algorithms to content-addressed Merkle DAGs — how BitTorrent and IPFS engineered the two most successful decentralized protocols in internet history.

• Distributed Hash Tables: Chord, Pastry, Kademlia, and the Structured Overlay Revolution · 2025-12-08

  How consistent hashing, finger tables, prefix-based routing, and the XOR metric turned P2P networks from unscalable floods into efficient, provably correct structured overlays.

• Epidemic Protocols: Gossip, HyParView, Plumtree, and the Mathematics of Infection-Style Dissemination · 2025-12-08

  How push, push-pull, and pull gossip propagate information with tunable reliability guarantees — plus HyParView for membership and Plumtree for efficient broadcast in large-scale dynamic networks.

• Distributed Snapshots: The Chandy-Lamport Algorithm, Lai-Yang, and the Foundations of Consistent Global State · 2025-10-31

  How do you capture a consistent snapshot of a running distributed system without stopping the world? The Chandy-Lamport algorithm, its non-FIFO extension by Lai and Yang, and the deep connection to checkpointing and deadlock detection.

• Inside Vector Databases: Building Retrieval-Augmented Systems that Scale · 2025-10-26

  How modern vector databases ingest, index, and serve embeddings for production retrieval-augmented generation systems without falling over.

• Clock Synchronization: Lamport Clocks, Vector Clocks, Hybrid Logical Clocks, and the CRDT Connection · 2025-10-08

  From scalar Lamport clocks that capture causality to vector clocks that characterize it precisely, through hybrid logical clocks that bridge physical and logical time — the intellectual lineage of distributed timekeeping.

• Time in Distributed Systems: NTP, PTP, TrueTime, and the Impossibility of Perfect Synchronization · 2025-10-01

  From Marzullo's algorithm in NTP to hardware timestamping in PTP and Google's TrueTime in Spanner — how distributed systems wrestle with the fundamental impossibility of perfectly synchronized clocks.

• GPUDirect Storage in 2025: Optimizing the End-to-End Data Path · 2025-09-16

  How modern systems move data from NVMe and object storage into GPU kernels with minimal CPU overhead and maximal throughput.

• Algebraic Topology in Distributed Computing: Wait-Free Solvability and Simplicial Complexes · 2025-07-06

  Discover how algebraic topology — simplicial complexes, Sperner's lemma, and homology — provides the deepest known framework for understanding what concurrent and distributed tasks are fundamentally solvable, as developed in Herlihy and Shavit's 'The Art of Multiprocessor Programming'.

• From MapReduce to Spark: The Arc of Data-Parallel Systems · 2025-05-19

  MapReduce taught fault-tolerant batch at scale; Spark generalized it with resilient distributed datasets (RDDs) and DAG scheduling.

• Linearizability and Serializability: A Formal Hierarchy of Consistency Models · 2025-01-28

  Build a rigorous understanding of consistency models from linearizability to eventual consistency, with formal definitions, counterexamples, and the practical implications for distributed database design.

• Exactly-Once in Streaming: What It Means and How Systems Achieve It · 2025-01-22

  Disentangle marketing from mechanisms: idempotence, transactions, and state snapshots behind ‘exactly-once’.

• The FLP Impossibility Result: Why Distributed Consensus Is Fundamentally Hard · 2025-01-15

  Explore the landmark Fischer-Lynch-Paterson result that proved no deterministic algorithm can achieve consensus in an asynchronous system with even one faulty process — and how the field evolved around this impossibility.

• Latency-Aware Edge Inference Platforms: Engineering Consistent AI Experiences · 2023-03-12

  A full-stack guide to designing, deploying, and operating low-latency edge inference systems that stay predictable under real-world constraints.

• Designing CRDT-Powered Collaboration Platforms that Stay Consistent · 2022-08-17

  Deep dive into how conflict-free replicated data types underpin realtime editors, whiteboards, and multiplayer apps without sacrificing UX.

• State Machine Replication: Viewstamped Replication Protocol, Zab (ZooKeeper Atomic Broadcast), and the Consensus-Scalability Continuum · 2021-07-27

  A deep exploration of state machine replication — how Viewstamped Replication and Zab enable fault-tolerant services through ordered command execution, and how the consensus-scalability continuum shapes modern distributed systems design.