Causality

• Clock Synchronization: Lamport Clocks, Vector Clocks, Hybrid Logical Clocks, and the CRDT Connection · 2025-10-08

  From scalar Lamport clocks that capture causality to vector clocks that characterize it precisely, through hybrid logical clocks that bridge physical and logical time — the intellectual lineage of distributed timekeeping.

• Causality: Models, Reasoning, and Inference (2nd ed.)