Fundamentals

• Database Internals: Storage Engines, Transactions, and Recovery · 2025-12-21

  A deep technical walkthrough of how databases store data, ensure correctness, and recover from crashes — covering B-trees, LSM-trees, write-ahead logging, MVCC, isolation levels, and replication.

• TLS, PKI, and Secure Protocols: How Encrypted Web Traffic Works · 2025-11-18

  A deep technical guide to TLS, certificate validation, key exchange, record protection, modern cipher suites, TLS 1.3, QUIC, and practical deployment best practices for secure networked applications.

• Distributed Systems: Consensus, Consistency, and Fault Tolerance · 2025-10-20

  Fundamentals of distributed systems: failure models, consensus algorithms (Paxos, Raft), CAP theorem, consistency models, gossip, membership, CRDTs, and practical testing strategies like Jepsen.

• Memory Allocation and Garbage Collection: How Programs Manage Memory · 2025-02-20

  A deep dive into how programming languages allocate, track, and reclaim memory. Understand malloc internals, garbage collection algorithms, and the trade-offs that shape runtime performance.

• Concurrency Primitives and Synchronization: From Spinlocks to Lock-Free Data Structures · 2024-03-15

  A comprehensive exploration of concurrent programming fundamentals, covering mutexes, spinlocks, semaphores, condition variables, memory ordering, and lock-free programming techniques that enable safe parallel execution.

• Unicode and Character Encoding: From ASCII to UTF-8 and Beyond · 2024-03-15

  A comprehensive guide to how computers represent text. Understand the evolution from ASCII through Unicode, the mechanics of UTF-8 encoding, and how to handle text correctly in modern software.

• File Systems and Storage Internals: How Data Persists on Disk · 2023-09-22

  A comprehensive exploration of file system architecture, from inodes and directories to journaling and copy-on-write. Understand how operating systems organize, protect, and efficiently access persistent data.

• Process Scheduling and Context Switching: How Operating Systems Share the CPU · 2022-05-18

  A deep dive into how operating systems decide which process runs next and how they switch between processes. Understand scheduling algorithms, context switches, and the trade-offs that shape system responsiveness.

• Virtual Memory and Page Tables: How Operating Systems Manage Memory · 2021-08-12

  A comprehensive exploration of virtual memory systems, page tables, address translation, and the hardware-software collaboration that enables modern multitasking. Understand TLBs, page faults, and memory protection.

• CPU Caches and Memory Hierarchy: The Hidden Architecture Behind Performance · 2021-06-22

  A deep exploration of CPU cache architecture, from L1 to L3 caches, cache lines, associativity, replacement policies, and cache coherence. Learn how memory hierarchy shapes modern software performance.

• Network Sockets and the TCP/IP Stack: How Data Travels Across Networks · 2020-11-08

  A comprehensive exploration of network programming internals, from socket system calls through the TCP/IP protocol stack to the network interface. Understand connection establishment, flow control, and the kernel's role in networking.