Spanner

• Geo-Distributed Systems: WAN Latency, Multi-Leader Replication, and the Speed-of-Light Constraint · 2026-02-13

  How the speed of light shapes the architecture of global-scale systems — from multi-leader and leaderless replication to CRDTs, Spanner, CockroachDB, and the fundamental tension between consistency and latency.

• Time in Distributed Systems: NTP, PTP, TrueTime, and the Impossibility of Perfect Synchronization · 2025-10-01

  From Marzullo's algorithm in NTP to hardware timestamping in PTP and Google's TrueTime in Spanner — how distributed systems wrestle with the fundamental impossibility of perfectly synchronized clocks.